Which of the following is NOT an evidence-based program?

The identification of Therapeutic Behavior Modification (TBM) as NOT an evidence-based program is based on the distinction between recognized, empirically supported interventions and those that lack a strong foundation in research demonstrating their effectiveness. While TBM may include strategies for behavior change, it has not received the same level of validation through rigorous studies and data as the other programs listed.

Intensive Protective Supervision (IPS), Functional Family Therapy (FFT), and Multisystemic Therapy (MST) are all considered evidence-based programs because they have undergone extensive research and evaluation, showing positive outcomes in reducing delinquent behavior and improving family dynamics. These programs have proven effective through various trials and have been adopted by practitioners who rely on data-driven methods to address juvenile justice challenges.